好用的幾種漢英翻譯技巧
由于中英文語言差異存在，一些中文句子不能直接對(duì)譯到英文。本文就借近期授課中遇到的一些典型的中英文“不搭”，介紹幾種句式和詞匯層面的中英翻譯技巧，供大家參考。
句子層面
1、正確處理中文中的“連動(dòng)句”句式
例1：中國(guó)戲曲歷史悠久，它起源于原始社會(huì)的歌舞和表演，經(jīng)過漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展道路，到十二世紀(jì)形成了完整的藝術(shù)形態(tài)。
譯文一：With along history and originating from the singing and dancing performances in the primitive society, became a complete art form in the twelfth century after a long period of development.
譯文二：The time-honored Xiqu (Chinese opera), originating from the singing and dancing performances in the primitive society, developed into a complete art form in the twelfth century after a long period of time.
注釋：“連動(dòng)句”是指一個(gè)主語帶出好幾個(gè)小句子的句式。中文中多短句子，每個(gè)句子都是簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)賓句，而主語前往往無過多的修飾詞，翻譯為英文時(shí)可考慮將一些短句子改為狀語或者定語放在主語前，一些改為伴隨狀語，放在主句之外，而不選擇過多地使用并列句式。這樣一來，英文句式更加平衡，更加突出重點(diǎn)。
例2：文峰塔位于揚(yáng)州市南古運(yùn)河?xùn)|岸文峰寺內(nèi)，始建于明萬歷十年（1582年）。磚木結(jié)構(gòu)，高40米。塔底層柱上有精美的雕刻和彩繪。
Located in the Wenfeng Temple at the east bank of the Ancient Canal in the south of Yangzhou, the pagoda was first built in 1582 in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). This approximately 40-meter high pagoda of brick and wood structure was built on the base columns decorated with patterns of cravings and colorful paintings.
注釋：中文句子往往一個(gè)字喜歡說一件事，而英文的句子往往一個(gè)句子表達(dá)好幾件事。因此，翻譯到英文時(shí)，可適當(dāng)將原文的斷句變成短語，用做名詞（多是主語）的定語。同時(shí)，這樣做避免了頻繁地更換主語，使讀者摸不著頭腦。這里第二句和第三句主語就由“塔”變?yōu)椤八讓又薄?br /> 例3：電力工業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要基礎(chǔ)工業(yè), 是國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中的重點(diǎn)和先行產(chǎn)業(yè)。
譯文：As an important and basicindustry in a country’s economy, electric power industry is a key and pioneering sector in the country’s economic development strategy.
2、正確處理中文并列句式
例：改革開放40年來，我國(guó)電網(wǎng)主網(wǎng)架建設(shè)逐步加強(qiáng)，城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)建設(shè)與改造取得成效，保障了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步對(duì)用電的強(qiáng)勁需求。
譯文：Over the last four decades since the reform and opening up, the gradual strengthening of the backbone power grids and the achievements in building and transforming both urban andrural grids has helped meet the country’s strong demand for electricity in developing its national economy and society.
注釋：并列句式在中文中很常見，包括“是…是…”、“A+動(dòng)詞…B+動(dòng)詞…C+動(dòng)詞….”等。一味地翻譯為并列句句式上勢(shì)必乏味，通過適當(dāng)?shù)脑~性轉(zhuǎn)換和位置轉(zhuǎn)移可避免這種情況，不見得中文的主語也是英文的主語，根據(jù)需要都可以調(diào)整。
3、識(shí)破頻繁更換主語、偷梁換柱的句式
例1：筆者所住的小屋子，窗戶對(duì)著操場(chǎng)，兩天不抹桌子，就會(huì)積成一層灰。
譯文：In my small room whose windows are towards a playground, the table will be covered by a layer of dust if it is not wiped for two days.
注釋：這里面主語從窗戶，變?yōu)樽雷?，?shí)際上前面還有第一個(gè)主題“小屋”。通過整合句子，將桌子作為主語，表明風(fēng)沙之大，突出重點(diǎn)，句式緊湊。
例2：我們?cè)?jīng)歷了煤炭世紀(jì)、石油世紀(jì)，現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)入天然氣世紀(jì)，化石能源，特別是油氣產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展始終充滿著生機(jī)和活力。
譯文：After experiencing the eras of coal and oil respectively, we are embracing a new period of natural gas, in which, the industry of fossil energy, especially that of oil and gas will continue to develope with much vigor and vitality.
注釋：這里“化石能源”前面缺少時(shí)間狀語，是因?yàn)橹形闹苯咏栌昧松暇涞摹疤烊粴馐兰o(jì)”。中文不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，“化石能源”中無法包含“尤其產(chǎn)業(yè)”所有這里要把前者變?yōu)椤盎茉串a(chǎn)業(yè)”，才能對(duì)等。
例3：近些年來，中國(guó)已經(jīng)從國(guó)外進(jìn)口了不少的技術(shù)設(shè)備，為提高國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)揮了重要作用。
錯(cuò)譯文：In recent years, China has introduced many technologies and equipments from abroad, playing an important role in improving its productivity.
對(duì)譯文：In recent years, China has introduced many technologies and equipments from abroad, and they are playing an important role in improving its productivity.
注釋：雖然后半個(gè)句子變成了補(bǔ)語而不是句子，但是“playing an important role”的邏輯主語是設(shè)備，不是中國(guó)。原文偷梁換柱，主語在不經(jīng)意間變化了，翻譯時(shí)一定要小心。
詞匯層面
1、正確認(rèn)識(shí)句子的主語
例1：天然氣發(fā)展邁入黃金期。
譯文一：The world has entered into a golden period for the development of natural gas.
譯文二：A golden period for the development of natural gas has started.
譯文三：The natural gas industry has entered into a golden period for its development.
注釋：天然氣和發(fā)展都無法有“進(jìn)入”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故加入主語或者用被動(dòng)句式。如果實(shí)在想用天然氣作主語，就要補(bǔ)充“industry”，才能采用擬人手法，順句翻譯。類似這樣的句子還有“科學(xué)技術(shù)取得突破性進(jìn)展”。
例2：按照中國(guó)政府的規(guī)劃，到2020年，非化石能源在國(guó)內(nèi)一次能源消費(fèi)中的比重可望達(dá)到15%。
譯文一：According to the plan ofthe Chinese government, the proportion of non-fossil energy in the primary energy mix of China is expected to reach 15% in 2020.
譯文二：According to the plan ofthe Chinese government, non-fossil energy is expected to take up 15% in its primary energy mix in 2020.
注釋：原文中“非化石能源在國(guó)內(nèi)一次能源消費(fèi)中的比重”是主語，直譯到英文（譯文一）顯得頭重腳輕。其實(shí)，可以找到真正的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者“非化石能源”，并采用強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“take up”代替弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“reach”。雖然譯文一不是錯(cuò)句子，但過于頻繁出現(xiàn)在譯文中不好。
2、正確認(rèn)識(shí)中文中的定語
例1：中國(guó)的藝術(shù)走出去，主要的代表性樣式是戲曲，她是世界認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)文藝最為靚麗的名片。
譯文：As a major representative of the Chinese arts going global, Xiqu (Chinese opera) is the most charming brand, through which the rest of the world will understand Chinese literature and arts.
注釋：中文中的定語，不都是修飾名詞的屬性，有的表示的是其他含義，但仍舊以“的”字連接名詞。本句中名片是認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)文藝的方式，因此在引導(dǎo)詞前面加上through更合適。
例2：我們正面臨新舊交替、多極化、多樣化發(fā)展的能源領(lǐng)域變革所帶來的諸多挑戰(zhàn)。
譯文：We are faced with severe challenges brought about by the changes in the energy sector, featuring new energy forms replacing the old ones, multi-polarization and more diversified development.
注釋：這里的“新舊交替、多極化、多樣化發(fā)展的”雖然處于定語的位置上，但其實(shí)并不是修飾“變革”的屬性，而是表達(dá)其內(nèi)容的，故此不翻譯為定語，而加上“featuring”，補(bǔ)充說明變革的內(nèi)容。
3、避免中文中搭配不當(dāng)
例：根據(jù)印度科學(xué)和環(huán)境研究中心(CSE)和全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)(GBD)的最新報(bào)告，空氣污染在印度死亡疾病里排名第五。
譯文：According to the latest report of CSE and GBD, air pollution is ranked as the fifth killer of people in India.
注釋：這句話乍一讀起來，根本感覺不到任何不妥?？墒?，在翻譯為英文時(shí)，有個(gè)巨大的陷阱，即空氣污染不是“疾病”，不能翻譯為“the fifth deadly disease”，而要把“disease”去掉才行。
4、避免總結(jié)性“范疇詞”泛濫
例：未來的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將是油氣比重上升，尤其是天然氣的比重有望從目前的4%左右，大幅度提高到10%以上。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，非化石能源受到廣泛重視，并保持快速發(fā)展的態(tài)勢(shì)。
譯文：In the future, the proportion of oil and gas in China's energy structure will climb. In particular, the weight of natural gas is expected to grow substantially from 4% to over 10% in the country's primary energy mix. Attracting wide attention, non-fossil energy has continued to grow rapidly since the beginning of this century.
注釋：這里的“發(fā)展趨勢(shì)”、“態(tài)勢(shì)”都屬于是對(duì)多余的范疇詞，大可不必翻譯出來，相反，可選擇將強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞找到，表明發(fā)展變化。再如“油氣供應(yīng)西移、需求東移的大勢(shì)悄然成型”當(dāng)中的“大勢(shì)”也沒什么實(shí)際意義。
總之，漢譯英的基礎(chǔ)依然是對(duì)原文的深刻理解。沒有深刻的理解，后面的翻譯就成了無源之水、無根之木。
句子層面
1、正確處理中文中的“連動(dòng)句”句式
例1：中國(guó)戲曲歷史悠久，它起源于原始社會(huì)的歌舞和表演，經(jīng)過漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展道路，到十二世紀(jì)形成了完整的藝術(shù)形態(tài)。
譯文一：With along history and originating from the singing and dancing performances in the primitive society, became a complete art form in the twelfth century after a long period of development.
譯文二：The time-honored Xiqu (Chinese opera), originating from the singing and dancing performances in the primitive society, developed into a complete art form in the twelfth century after a long period of time.
注釋：“連動(dòng)句”是指一個(gè)主語帶出好幾個(gè)小句子的句式。中文中多短句子，每個(gè)句子都是簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)賓句，而主語前往往無過多的修飾詞，翻譯為英文時(shí)可考慮將一些短句子改為狀語或者定語放在主語前，一些改為伴隨狀語，放在主句之外，而不選擇過多地使用并列句式。這樣一來，英文句式更加平衡，更加突出重點(diǎn)。
例2：文峰塔位于揚(yáng)州市南古運(yùn)河?xùn)|岸文峰寺內(nèi)，始建于明萬歷十年（1582年）。磚木結(jié)構(gòu)，高40米。塔底層柱上有精美的雕刻和彩繪。
Located in the Wenfeng Temple at the east bank of the Ancient Canal in the south of Yangzhou, the pagoda was first built in 1582 in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). This approximately 40-meter high pagoda of brick and wood structure was built on the base columns decorated with patterns of cravings and colorful paintings.
注釋：中文句子往往一個(gè)字喜歡說一件事，而英文的句子往往一個(gè)句子表達(dá)好幾件事。因此，翻譯到英文時(shí)，可適當(dāng)將原文的斷句變成短語，用做名詞（多是主語）的定語。同時(shí)，這樣做避免了頻繁地更換主語，使讀者摸不著頭腦。這里第二句和第三句主語就由“塔”變?yōu)椤八讓又薄?br /> 例3：電力工業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要基礎(chǔ)工業(yè), 是國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中的重點(diǎn)和先行產(chǎn)業(yè)。
譯文：As an important and basicindustry in a country’s economy, electric power industry is a key and pioneering sector in the country’s economic development strategy.
2、正確處理中文并列句式
例：改革開放40年來，我國(guó)電網(wǎng)主網(wǎng)架建設(shè)逐步加強(qiáng)，城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)建設(shè)與改造取得成效，保障了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步對(duì)用電的強(qiáng)勁需求。
譯文：Over the last four decades since the reform and opening up, the gradual strengthening of the backbone power grids and the achievements in building and transforming both urban andrural grids has helped meet the country’s strong demand for electricity in developing its national economy and society.
注釋：并列句式在中文中很常見，包括“是…是…”、“A+動(dòng)詞…B+動(dòng)詞…C+動(dòng)詞….”等。一味地翻譯為并列句句式上勢(shì)必乏味，通過適當(dāng)?shù)脑~性轉(zhuǎn)換和位置轉(zhuǎn)移可避免這種情況，不見得中文的主語也是英文的主語，根據(jù)需要都可以調(diào)整。
3、識(shí)破頻繁更換主語、偷梁換柱的句式
例1：筆者所住的小屋子，窗戶對(duì)著操場(chǎng)，兩天不抹桌子，就會(huì)積成一層灰。
譯文：In my small room whose windows are towards a playground, the table will be covered by a layer of dust if it is not wiped for two days.
注釋：這里面主語從窗戶，變?yōu)樽雷?，?shí)際上前面還有第一個(gè)主題“小屋”。通過整合句子，將桌子作為主語，表明風(fēng)沙之大，突出重點(diǎn)，句式緊湊。
例2：我們?cè)?jīng)歷了煤炭世紀(jì)、石油世紀(jì)，現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)入天然氣世紀(jì)，化石能源，特別是油氣產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展始終充滿著生機(jī)和活力。
譯文：After experiencing the eras of coal and oil respectively, we are embracing a new period of natural gas, in which, the industry of fossil energy, especially that of oil and gas will continue to develope with much vigor and vitality.
注釋：這里“化石能源”前面缺少時(shí)間狀語，是因?yàn)橹形闹苯咏栌昧松暇涞摹疤烊粴馐兰o(jì)”。中文不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，“化石能源”中無法包含“尤其產(chǎn)業(yè)”所有這里要把前者變?yōu)椤盎茉串a(chǎn)業(yè)”，才能對(duì)等。
例3：近些年來，中國(guó)已經(jīng)從國(guó)外進(jìn)口了不少的技術(shù)設(shè)備，為提高國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)揮了重要作用。
錯(cuò)譯文：In recent years, China has introduced many technologies and equipments from abroad, playing an important role in improving its productivity.
對(duì)譯文：In recent years, China has introduced many technologies and equipments from abroad, and they are playing an important role in improving its productivity.
注釋：雖然后半個(gè)句子變成了補(bǔ)語而不是句子，但是“playing an important role”的邏輯主語是設(shè)備，不是中國(guó)。原文偷梁換柱，主語在不經(jīng)意間變化了，翻譯時(shí)一定要小心。
詞匯層面
1、正確認(rèn)識(shí)句子的主語
例1：天然氣發(fā)展邁入黃金期。
譯文一：The world has entered into a golden period for the development of natural gas.
譯文二：A golden period for the development of natural gas has started.
譯文三：The natural gas industry has entered into a golden period for its development.
注釋：天然氣和發(fā)展都無法有“進(jìn)入”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故加入主語或者用被動(dòng)句式。如果實(shí)在想用天然氣作主語，就要補(bǔ)充“industry”，才能采用擬人手法，順句翻譯。類似這樣的句子還有“科學(xué)技術(shù)取得突破性進(jìn)展”。
例2：按照中國(guó)政府的規(guī)劃，到2020年，非化石能源在國(guó)內(nèi)一次能源消費(fèi)中的比重可望達(dá)到15%。
譯文一：According to the plan ofthe Chinese government, the proportion of non-fossil energy in the primary energy mix of China is expected to reach 15% in 2020.
譯文二：According to the plan ofthe Chinese government, non-fossil energy is expected to take up 15% in its primary energy mix in 2020.
注釋：原文中“非化石能源在國(guó)內(nèi)一次能源消費(fèi)中的比重”是主語，直譯到英文（譯文一）顯得頭重腳輕。其實(shí)，可以找到真正的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者“非化石能源”，并采用強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“take up”代替弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“reach”。雖然譯文一不是錯(cuò)句子，但過于頻繁出現(xiàn)在譯文中不好。
2、正確認(rèn)識(shí)中文中的定語
例1：中國(guó)的藝術(shù)走出去，主要的代表性樣式是戲曲，她是世界認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)文藝最為靚麗的名片。
譯文：As a major representative of the Chinese arts going global, Xiqu (Chinese opera) is the most charming brand, through which the rest of the world will understand Chinese literature and arts.
注釋：中文中的定語，不都是修飾名詞的屬性，有的表示的是其他含義，但仍舊以“的”字連接名詞。本句中名片是認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)文藝的方式，因此在引導(dǎo)詞前面加上through更合適。
例2：我們正面臨新舊交替、多極化、多樣化發(fā)展的能源領(lǐng)域變革所帶來的諸多挑戰(zhàn)。
譯文：We are faced with severe challenges brought about by the changes in the energy sector, featuring new energy forms replacing the old ones, multi-polarization and more diversified development.
注釋：這里的“新舊交替、多極化、多樣化發(fā)展的”雖然處于定語的位置上，但其實(shí)并不是修飾“變革”的屬性，而是表達(dá)其內(nèi)容的，故此不翻譯為定語，而加上“featuring”，補(bǔ)充說明變革的內(nèi)容。
3、避免中文中搭配不當(dāng)
例：根據(jù)印度科學(xué)和環(huán)境研究中心(CSE)和全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)(GBD)的最新報(bào)告，空氣污染在印度死亡疾病里排名第五。
譯文：According to the latest report of CSE and GBD, air pollution is ranked as the fifth killer of people in India.
注釋：這句話乍一讀起來，根本感覺不到任何不妥?？墒?，在翻譯為英文時(shí)，有個(gè)巨大的陷阱，即空氣污染不是“疾病”，不能翻譯為“the fifth deadly disease”，而要把“disease”去掉才行。
4、避免總結(jié)性“范疇詞”泛濫
例：未來的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將是油氣比重上升，尤其是天然氣的比重有望從目前的4%左右，大幅度提高到10%以上。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，非化石能源受到廣泛重視，并保持快速發(fā)展的態(tài)勢(shì)。
譯文：In the future, the proportion of oil and gas in China's energy structure will climb. In particular, the weight of natural gas is expected to grow substantially from 4% to over 10% in the country's primary energy mix. Attracting wide attention, non-fossil energy has continued to grow rapidly since the beginning of this century.
注釋：這里的“發(fā)展趨勢(shì)”、“態(tài)勢(shì)”都屬于是對(duì)多余的范疇詞，大可不必翻譯出來，相反，可選擇將強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞找到，表明發(fā)展變化。再如“油氣供應(yīng)西移、需求東移的大勢(shì)悄然成型”當(dāng)中的“大勢(shì)”也沒什么實(shí)際意義。
總之，漢譯英的基礎(chǔ)依然是對(duì)原文的深刻理解。沒有深刻的理解，后面的翻譯就成了無源之水、無根之木。
